Schizophrenia

What is schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness. People with this illness have disturbed and disorganized thinking, language, and behavior. They may see, hear, or feel things that aren't really there. Sometimes the speech of a person with schizophrenia makes no sense. The term schizophrenia means "split mind." Those who have it seem to have normal mental function in some areas but are very disturbed in others. (For example, a person may talk in bizarre ways but be able to do math.) Schizophrenia usually causes serious problems in day-to-day living.

People with schizophrenia do not have a “split” personality.

About 1% of people have schizophrenia in their lifetimes. It affects men and women equally.

What is the cause?

There are many theories about the cause of schizophrenia. The genes a person inherits from his or her parents may be partly responsible. Stress can trigger episodes. Some scientists believe that something might happen before birth, such as a viral infection in the womb, that causes schizophrenia decades later. Another possible cause is that chemicals carrying signals between nerve cells may be out of balance.

Schizophrenia usually starts in the late teens or in the twenties. A few people have been diagnosed in childhood and some after age 40. Several million people in the United States are affected. It occurs slightly more often in men than in women.

Parenting or family problems do not cause schizophrenia. However, stress does appear to make things worse for people with this illness.

What are the symptoms?

No single symptom defines this illness. People with this illness may have symptoms such as:

• having hallucinations, which means hearing voices that no one else can hear, seeing people or objects that are not there, or feeling something that is not there
• having delusions, which means false beliefs; for example, you might believe there is a plot against you by powerful people, or you might think that you have special powers no one else has
• dressing oddly, like wearing winter gloves in summer
• not bathing or combing your hair
• withdrawing from other people and not speaking to anyone
• having other people often tell you that they cannot follow or understand what you are saying
• having trouble keeping your thoughts straight
• growing very distrustful of people without good reason
• having mixed up or blunted emotions
• not being able to work with or relate to other people
• giving up on achieving anything

How is it diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms. He or she will make sure that a medical problem or mind-altering drugs, such as LSD or cocaine, are not causing your symptoms.

There are several types of schizophrenia. The kinds of thoughts you have and the ways you act determine the type you have.

How is it treated?

Medicines are the most important part of the treatment. Many medicines are available. These medicines can cause some side effects, but you and your healthcare provider will watch for them and adjust the medicine if needed.

It is very important to take your medicine even when you are feeling and thinking well. Without the medicine, you are very likely to have a relapse. It will be up to you, your family, and your healthcare provider to decide if you can do without medicine.

This disorder changes the way you relate to others and the way you think about everyday activities. You will probably need a therapist or case manager to help you manage your daily needs. You may live in a group setting with others who also have this illness. You may need to spend some time in a hospital if you are thinking about hurting yourself or someone else, or if you are unable to take care of yourself. Support groups can be helpful for the family of someone with schizophrenia.

How can I take care of myself?

• Get support. Talk with family and friends. Consider joining a support group in your area.
• Learn to manage stress. Ask for help at home and work when the load is too great to handle. Find ways to relax, for example take up a hobby, listen to music, watch movies, take walks. Try deep breathing exercises when you feel stressed.
• Take care of your physical health. Try to get at least 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Eat a healthy diet. Limit caffeine. If you smoke, quit. Avoid alcohol and drugs, because they can make your symptoms worse. Exercise according to your healthcare provider's instructions.
• Check your medicines. To help prevent problems, tell your healthcare provider and pharmacist about all the medicines, natural remedies, vitamins, and other supplements that you take.
• Contact your healthcare provider or therapist if you have any questions or your symptoms seem to be getting worse.
• Sometimes this illness makes you afraid of even your provider or therapist. Watch for this and be honest with your provider or therapist about it.
• Apply for assistance. The federal government may provide financial support and medical treatment to people disabled by schizophrenia.
• Contact the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) or Mental Health America. They can provide information, education, and access to support groups.
  • NAMI's toll-free number is 1-800-950-NAMI. Its Web site address is http://www.nami.org.
  • Mental Health America’s toll-free Information Center number is 1-800-969-NMHA. Its Web site address is http://www.NMHA.org.